![]() An adversary can create a new access token that duplicates an existing token using DuplicateToken(Ex). Token Impersonation – Adversaries may duplicate and then impersonate another user’s token to escalate privileges and bypass access controls.The exploitation of a software vulnerability occurs when an adversary takes advantage of a programming error in a program, service, or within the operating system software or the kernel itself to execute adversary-controlled code. Kernel Exploits – Adversaries may exploit software vulnerabilities in an attempt to elevate privileges.Windows User Account Control (UAC) allows a program to elevate its privileges (tracked as integrity levels ranging from low to high) to perform a task under administrator-level permissions, possibly by prompting the user for confirmation. Bypassing UAC – Adversaries may bypass UAC mechanisms to elevate process privileges on the system.Privilege Escalation Techniques We Will Be Utilizing Note: The techniques used in this document were performed through a meterpreter session, primarily because Empire does not provide users with the ability to transfer exploit code or binaries or perform manual tests. Our objective is to elevate our privileges on Windows target systems by leveraging various privilege escalation techniques. The following is a list of key techniques and sub-techniques that we will be exploring: user accounts with access to a specific system or performs a specific function.Common approaches are to take advantage of system weaknesses, misconfigurations, and vulnerabilities. Adversaries can often enter and explore a network with unprivileged access but require elevated permissions to follow through on their objectives. Privilege Escalation consists of techniques that adversaries use to gain higher-level permissions on a system or network. Note: The techniques and tools utilized in this document were performed on Kali Linux 2021.2 Virtual Machine MITRE ATT&CK Privilege Escalation Techniques Familiarity with penetration testing concepts and life-cycle.Familiarity with Linux system administration.The following is a list of recommended technical prerequisites that you will need to get the most out of this course: The privilege escalation techniques used in this book were tested in the following versions of Windows: ![]() To follow along with the tools and techniques utilized in this document, you will need to use one of the following offensive Linux distributions:
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